Lesser-known art movements that shaped modern art

Modern art is often associated with well-known movements such as Impressionism, Cubism, and Surrealism. However, several lesser-known art movements have played a crucial role in shaping contemporary artistic expression. These movements challenged conventions, introduced radical techniques, and influenced major artists in ways that are sometimes overlooked.

Orphism (1912–1914)

Emerging as an offshoot of Cubism, Orphism was spearheaded by Robert and Sonia Delaunay. This movement emphasised the use of vibrant colours and abstract forms to evoke musical and emotional harmony. Unlike traditional Cubism, which focused on structure and monochromatic tones, Orphism celebrated colour as the primary subject. It directly influenced later abstract movements, including Op Art and Colour Field painting.

Synchromism (1912–1915)

Founded by American artists Stanton Macdonald-Wright and Morgan Russell, Synchromism was based on the idea that colours could be arranged in a way that mimicked musical scales. Using non-representational forms, Synchromist paintings were rich in movement and rhythm. This concept paved the way for later developments in abstract and expressionist painting.

Rayonism (1912–1914)

Developed in Russia by Mikhail Larionov and Natalia Goncharova, Rayonism was an experimental movement that explored the dynamic interplay of light rays intersecting in space. Inspired by Cubism and Futurism, it sought to depict invisible forces such as energy and motion rather than tangible subjects. Although short-lived, Rayonism influenced later avant-garde movements like Constructivism and Suprematism.

Tachisme (1940s–1950s)

A French counterpart to Abstract Expressionism, Tachisme (from the French tache, meaning stain or blot) emphasised spontaneous, gestural painting. Artists such as Jean Dubuffet and Pierre Soulages used fluid brushstrokes and accidental effects, rejecting formal composition. Tachisme bridged European modernism with the energetic style of American Action Painting.

COBRA (1948–1951)

The COBRA movement, named after its founding cities (Copenhagen, Brussels, and Amsterdam), embraced spontaneous, childlike expression. Artists such as Karel Appel and Asger Jorn rejected academic traditions, favouring bold colours and raw, energetic compositions. Their emphasis on instinct and emotion foreshadowed later movements such as Art Brut and Neo-Expressionism.

Though often overshadowed, these movements laid the groundwork for modern artistic innovation, inspiring generations of artists to push the boundaries of creativity.